DNA
The nucleus of a cell contains chromosomes within which DNA can be found. DNA is the abbreviation for Deoxyribonucleic acid. This nucleic acid (the DNA) contains genetic instructions, which all known organisms (and some viruses), need to function and develop.
Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) can be thought of as a ‘blueprint’, we commonly refer to DNA as our ‘genes’ and understand that it contains genetic information that is passed on through the ages from our ancestors, to us, and to our offspring.
The DNA model that we are familiar with today - the ‘double-helix’ structure, was first suggested by James D. Watson and Francis Crick in 1953. In 2001 the Human Genome Project finished mapping the human genome, although work within this field is continuous.
Chromosomes are X–shaped objects which consist of strands of DNA (of particular protein). These proteins are switched on or off, and when passed on, will determine everything from eye colour to inherited genetic diseases.
DNA carries all our genetic information, but it is not impervious to damage. Damage from X–rays, radiation, chemicals, illnesses and even UV light, can all cause DNA to mutate. Whilst some DNA can repair itself, other damage is irreparable and can cause genetic mutations to occur when information is passed on.
DNA samples are used in forensic science and paternity testing. Buccal swabs can be collected from the inside of the cheek, where DNA cells are then placed in a sterile environment and sent for testing. This is an non-invasive way to perform DNA profiling. You can also collect DNA from strands of hair, blood or saliva.
